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北京航空航天大学2013年博士英语真题

时间:2019-04-29     来源:关注微信公众号【考研考博名校专业解析】     作者:育明小徐老师      点击量:522

北京航空航天大学2013年博士英语真题

 

Part I: Listening comprehension (20%)

 

Part II: Reading Comprehension (30%)

Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.

 

Passage 1

 

Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an image-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse.

The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A.D. for applying patterns to textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process. First, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press.

Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith's art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, "to carve"). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press with sufficient pressure being applied so that the paper picks up the ink.

Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.

 

Questions 21 to 25 are based on the passage.

21. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. The origins of textile decoration

B. The characteristics of good-quality punts

C. Two types of printmaking

D. Types of paper used in printmaking

22. The word “prime” is closest in meaning to ________.

A.

principal

B.

complex

C.

general

D.

recent

23. The author's purposes in paragraph 2 is to describe ________.

A. the woodcuts found in China in the fifth century

B. the use of woodcuts in the textile industry

C. the process involved in creating a woodcut

D. the introduction of woodcuts to Europe

24. According to the passage, all of the following are true about engraving EXCEPT that it ________.

A. developed from the art of the goldsmiths

B. requires that the paper be cut with a burin

C. originated in the fifteenth century

D. involves carving into a metal plate

25. According to the passage, what do woodcut and engraving have in common?

A. Their designs are slightly raised.

B. They achieve contrast through hatching and cross-hatching.

C. They were first used in Europe.

D. They allow multiple copies to be produced from one original.

 

Passage 2

 

The French word renaissance means rebirth. It was first used in 1855 by the historian Jules Michelet in his History of France, then adopted by historians of culture, by art historians, and eventually by music historians, all of whom applied it to European culture during the 150 years spanning 1450-1600. The concept of rebirth was appropriate to this period of European history because of the renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture that began in Italy and then spread throughout Europe. Scholars and artists of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries wanted to restore the learning and ideals of classical civilizations of Greece and Rome. To these scholars this meant a return to human — as opposed to spiritual values. Fulfillment in life — as opposed to concern about an afterlife — became a desirable goal, and expressing the entire range of human emotions and enjoying the pleasures of the senses were no longer frowned on. Artists and writers now turned to secular as well as religious subject matter and sought to make their works understandable and appealing.

These changes in outlook deeply affected the musical culture of the Renaissance period — how people thought about music as well as the way music was composed, experienced, discussed, and disseminated. They could see the architectural monuments, sculptures, plays, and poems that were being rediscovered, but they could not actually hear ancient music — although they could read the writings of classical philosophers, poets, essayists, and music theorists that were becoming available in translation. They learned about the power of ancient music to move the listener and wondered why modern music did not have the same effect. For example, the influential religious leader Bernardino Cirillo expressed disappointment with the learned music of his time. He urged musicians to follow the example of the sculptors, painters, architects, and scholars who had rediscovered ancient art and literature. The musical Renaissance in Europe was more a general cultural movement and state of mind than a specific set of musical techniques. Furthermore, music changed so rapidly during this century and a half — though at different rates in different countries — that we cannot define a single Renaissance style.

 

Questions 26 to 30 are based on the passage.

26. What is the passage mainly about?

A. The musical compositions that best illustrated the developments during the European Renaissance.

B. The musical techniques that were in use during the European Renaissance.

C. The European Renaissance as a cultural development that included changes in musical style.

D. The ancient Greek and Roman musical practices used during the European Renaissance.

27. It can be inferred from the passage that thinkers of the Renaissance were seeking a rebirth of ________.

A. communication among artists across Europe

B. spirituality in everyday life

C. a cultural emphasis on human values

D. religious themes in art that would accompany the traditional secular themes

28. According to the passage, Renaissance artists and writers had all of the following intentions EXCEPT ________.

A. using religious themes

B. portraying only the pleasant parts of human experience

C. producing art that people would find attractive

D. creating works that were easily understood

29. The word "disseminated" is closest in meaning to ________.

A.

played

B.

documented

C.

spread

D.

analyzed

30. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a reason for the absence of a single Renaissance musical style?

A. The musical Renaissance was defined by technique rather than style.

B. The musical Renaissance was too short to give rise to a new musical style.

C. Renaissance musicians adopted the styles of both Greek and Roman musicians.

D. During the Renaissance, music never remained the same for very long.

 

Passage 3

 

The energy contained in rock within the earth's crust represents a nearly unlimited energy source, but until recently commercial retrieval has been limited to underground hot water and/or steam recovery systems. These systems have been developed in areas of recent volcanic activity, where high rates of heat flow cause visible eruption of water in the form of geysers and hot springs. In other areas, however, hot rock also exists near the surface but there is insufficient water present to produce eruptive phenomena. Thus a potent hot dry rock (HDR) reservoir exists whenever the amount of spontaneously product geothermal fluid has been judged inadequate for existing commercial systems.

As a result of recent energy crisis, new concepts for creating HDR recovery systems  which involve drilling holes and connecting them to artificial reservoirs place deep within the crust are being developed. In all attempts to retrieve energy from HDR, artificial stimulation will be required to create either sufficient permeability or bounds flow paths to facilitate the removal of heat by circulation of a fluid over the surface of the rock.

The HDR resource base is generally defined to include crustal rock that is hotter than 150, is at depth of  less than ten kilometers, and can be drilled with presently available equipment. Although wells deeper than ten kilometers are technically feasible, prevailing economic factors will obviously determine the commercial feasibility of wells at such depths. Rock temperatures as low as 100 may be useful for space heating; however, for producing electricity, temperatures greater than 200 are desirable.

The geothermal gradient, which specifically determines the depth of drilling, required to reach a desired temperature, is a major factor in the recoverability of geothermal resources. Temperature gradient maps generated from oil and gas well temperature-depth records kept by American Association of Petroleum Geologists suggest that tappable high-temperature gradients are distributed all across the United States. (There are many areas, however, for which no temperature gradient records exist.)

Indications are that the HDR resource base is very large. If an average geothermal temperature gradient of 22 per kilometer of depth is used, a staggering 13,000,000 quadrillion B.T.U.'s of total energy are calculated to be contained in crustal rock to a ten-kilometer depth in the United States. If we conservatively estimate that only about 0.2 percent is recoverable, we find a total of all the coal remaining in the United States. The remaining problem is to balance the economics of deeper, hotter, more costly wells and shallower, cooler, less expensive wells against the value of the final product — electricity and/or heat.

 

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the passage.

31. The primary purpose of the passage is to ________.

A. alert readers to the existence of HDRs as an available energy source

B. document the challenges that have been surmounted in the effort to recover energy from HDRs

C. warn the users of coal and oil that HDRs are not an economically feasible alternative

D. encourage the use of new techniques for the recovery of energy from underground hot water and steam

32. The passage would be most likely to appear in a ________.

A. petrologic research report focused on the history of temperature-depth records in the United States

B. congressional report urging the conservation of oil and natural gas reserves in the United States

C. technical journal article concerned with the recoverability of newly identified energy sources

D. consumer report describing the extent and accessibility of remaining coal resources

33. According the passage, an average geothermal gradient of 22per kilometer of depth can be used to ________.

A. balance the economics of HDR energy retrieval against that of underground hot water or steam recovery systems

B. determine the amount of energy that will be used for space heating in the United States

C. provide comparisons between hot water and HDR energy sources in United States

D. estimate the total HDR resource base in the United States

34. It can be inferred from the passage that the availability of temperature-depth records for any specific area in the United States depends primarily on the ________.

A. possibility that HDRs may be found in that area

B. existence of previous attempts to obtain oil or gas in that area

C. history of successful hot water or steam recovery efforts in that area

D. failure of inhabitants to conserve oil gas reserves in that area

35. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?

A. Energy from Water Sources: The Feasibility of Commercial Systems

B. Geothermal Energy Retrieval: Volcanic Activity and Hot Dry Rocks

C. Energy Underground: Geothermal Sources Give Way to Fossil Fuels

D. Tappable Energy for America's Future: Hot Dry Rocks

 

Passage 4

 

Picture-taking is a technique both for annexing the objective world and for expressing the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographer's temperament, discovering itself through the camera’s cropping of reality. That is, photography has two antithetical ideals: in the first, photography is about the world and the photographer is a mere observer who counts for little; but in the second, photography is the instrument of intrepid, questing subjectivity and the photographer is all.

These conflicting ideals arise from a fundamental uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in "taking" a picture. Accordingly, the ideal of a photographer as an observer is attractive because it implicitly denies that picture-taking is an aggressive act. The issue, of course, is not so clear-cut. What photographers do cannot be characterized as simply predatory or as simply, and essentially, benevolent. As a consequence, one ideal of picture-taking or the other is always being rediscovered and championed.

An important result of the coexistence of these two ideals is a recurrent ambivalence toward photography's means. Whatever the claims that photography might make to be a form of personal expression on a part with painting, its originality is inextricably linked to the powers of a machine. The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary informativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs, like Harold Edgerton's high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limits imposed by pre-modern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to leave more room for creative accident. For example, it has been virtually a point of honor for many photographers, including Walker Evans and Cartier-Bresson, to refuse to use modern equipment. These photographers have come to doubt the value of the camera as an instrument of "fast seeing". Cartier-Bresson, in fact, claims that the modem camera may see too fast.

This ambivalence toward photographic means determines trends in taste. The cult of the future (of faster and faster seeing) alternates over time with the wish to return to a purer past when images had a handmade quality. This nostalgia for some pristine state of the photographic enterprise is currently widespread and underlies the present-day enthusiasm for daguerreotypes and the work of forgotten nineteenth-century provincial photographers. Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness.

 

Questions 36 to 40 are based on the passage.

36. According to the passage, interest among photographers in each of photography's two ideals can be described as ________.

A. rapidly changing

B. cyclically recurring

C. steadily growing

D. unimportant to the viewers of photographs

37. The author is primarily concerned with ________.

A. establishing new technical standards for contemporary photography

B. analyzing the influence of photographic ideals on picture-taking

C. tracing the development of camera technology in the twentieth century

D. describing how photographers' individual temperaments are reflected in their work

38. The author mentions the work of Harold Edgerton in order to provide an example of ________.

A. how a controlled ambivalence toward photography's means can produce outstanding pictures

B. how the content of photographs has changed from the nineteenth century to the twentieth

C. the popularity of high-speed photography in the twentieth century

D. the relationship between photographic originality and technology

39. According to the passage, the two antithetical ideals of photography differ primarily in the ________.

A. value that each places on the beauty of the finished product

B. emphasis that each places on the emotional impact of the finished product

C. degree of technical knowledge that each required of the photographer

D. way in which each defines the role of the photographer.

40. Which of the following statements would be most likely to begin the paragraph immediately following the passage?

A. Photographers, as a result of their heightened awareness of tune, are constantly trying to capture events and actions that are fleeting.

B. Thus the cult of the future, the worship of machines and speed, is firmly established in spite of efforts to the contrary by some photographers.

C. The rejection of technical knowledge, however, can never be complete and photography cannot for any length of time pretend that it has no weapons.

D. The point of honor involved in rejecting complex equipment is, however, of no significance to the viewer of a photograph.

 

Part III: Vocabulary (10%)

Directions: In this part, there are 20 uncompleted sentences with four choices below each sentence. Choose the best one from the 4 choices to fill the blanks. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.

 

41. We are writing to the manager ____ the repairs recently carried out at the above address.

A.

in the request of

B.

with the purpose of

C.

with the reference to

D.

with a view to

42. The people living in these apartments have free ____ to that swimming pool.

A.

access

B.

excess

C.

excursion

D.

recreation

43. They had a fierce ____ as to whether their company should restore the trade relationship which was broken years ago.

A.

debate

B.

clash

C.

disagreement

D.

contest

44. They tossed your thoughts back and forth for over an hour, but still could not make ___ of them.

A.

impression

B.

comprehension

C.

meaning

D.

sense

45. If you ____ the bottle and cigarettes, you'll be much healthier.

A.

take off

B.

keep off

C.

get off

D.

set off

46. Although most dreams apparently happen ____, dream activity may be provoked by external influences.

A.

spontaneously

B.

simultaneously

C.

homogeneously

D.

instantaneously

47. He is holding a ____position in the company and expect to be promoted soon.

A.

subordinate

B.

succeeding

C.

successive

D.

subsequent

48. During the nineteen years of his career, France Battiate has won the ____ of a wide audience outside Italy.

A.

enjoyment

B.

appreciation

C.

evaluation

D.

reputation

49. At the party we found that shy girl ____ her mother all the time.

A.

depending on

B.

adhering to

C.

clinging to

D.

coinciding with

50. In general, matters which lie entirely within state horded are the ____ state governments.

A.

extinct

B.

excluding

C.

excessive

D.

exclusive

51. The basic causes are unknown, although certain conditions that may lead to cancer have been ____.

A.

identified

B.

guaranteed

C.

notified

D.

conveyed

52. The town planning commission said that their financial outlook for the next year was optimistic. They expect increased tax ____.

A.

efficiency

B.

revenues

C.

privileges

D.

validity

53. The original elections were declared ____ by the former military ruler.

A.

void

B.

vulgar

C.

surplus

D.

extravagant

54. When he realized he had been ____ to sign the contract by intrigue, he threatened to start legal proceedings to cancel the agreement.

A.

elicited

B.

excited

C.

deduced

D.

induced

55. They stood gazing at the happy ____ of children playing in the park

A.

perspective

B.

view

C.

landscape

D.

scene

56. As one of the youngest professors in the university, Miss King is certainly on the ____ of a brilliant career.

A.

edge

B.

porch

C.

threshold

D.

course

57. Parents often faced the ____ between doing what they felt was good for the development of the child and what they could stand by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness.

A.

junction

B.

paradox

C.

premise

D.

dilemma

58. The damage of his car was ____; therefore, be could repair it himself.

A.

appreciable

B.

negligible

C.

considerable

D.

invisible

59. The wood was so rotten that, when we pulled, it ____ into fragments.

A.

broke away

B.

broke off

C.

broke up

D.

broke through

60. Very few people understood his lecture, the subject of which was very ____.

A.

intelligible

B.

obscure

C.

dim

D.

conspicuous

 

Part IV: C.loze (10%)

Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are flow choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits in to the passage and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.

 

Most worthwhile careers require some kind of specialized training. Ideally, therefore, the choice of an [61] ____ should be made even before choice of a curriculum in high school. Actually, [62] ____, most people make several job choices during their working lives, [63] ____ because of economic and industrial changes and partly to improve [64] ____ position. The "one perfect job" does not exist. Young people should [65] ____ enter into a broad flexible training program that will [66] ____ them for a field of work rather than for a single [67] ____.

Unfortunately many young people have to make career plans [68] ____ benefit of help from a competent vocational counselor or psychologist. Knowing [69] ____ about the occupational world, or themselves for that matter, they choose their lifework on a hit-or-miss [70] ____. Some drift from job to job. Others [71] ____ to work in which they are unhappy and for which they are not fitted.

One common mistake is choosing an occupation for [72] ____ real or imagined prestige. Too many high-school students or their parents for them choose the professional field, [73] ____ both the relatively small proportion of workers in the professions and the extremely high educational and personal [74] ____ . The imagined or real prestige of a profession or a "While-collar" job is [75] ____ good reason for choosing it as life's work. [76] ____, these occupations are not always well paid. Since a large proportion of jobs are in mechanical and manual work, the [77] ____ of young people should give serious [78] ____ to these field.

Before making an occupational choice, a person should have a general idea of what he wants [79] ____ life and how hard he is willing to work to get it. Some want security; others are willing to take [80] ____ for financial gain. Each occupational choice has its demands as well as its rewards.

61.

A.

identification

B.

entertainment

C.

accommodation

D.

occupation

62.

A.

however

B.

therefore

C.

though

D.

thereby

63.

A.

entirely

B.

mainly

C.

partly

D.

especially

64.

A.

its

B.

his

C.

our

D.

their

65.

A.

since

B.

therefore

C.

furthermore

D.

forever

66.

A.

make

B.

fit

C.

take

D.

leave

67.

A.

job

B.

way

C.

means

D.

company

68.

A.

to

B.

for

C.

without

D.

with

69.

A.

little

B.

few

C.

much

D.

a lot

70.

A.

chance

B.

basis

C.

purpose

D.

opportunity

71.

A.

apply

B.

appeal

C.

stick

D.

turn

72.

A.

our

B.

its

C.

your

D.

their

73.

A.

concerning

B.

following

C.

considering

D.

disregarding

74.

A.

preferences

B.

requirements

C.

tendencies

D.

ambitions

75.

A.

a

B.

any

C.

no

D.

the

76.

A.

Therefore

B.

However

C.

Nevertheless

D.

Moreover

77.

A.

majority

B.

mass

C.

minority

D.

multitude

78.

A.

proposal

B.

suggestion

C.

consideration

D.

appraisal

79.

A.

towards

B.

against

C.

out of

D.

without

80.

A.

turns

B.

parts

C.

choices

D.

risks

 

Part V: Translation (15%)

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWEPR SHEET 2.

 

81. Ever since its creation over 40 years ago, the Internet has remained a predominantly unrestricted place. It is a place where anyone can present themselves in any form they choose, but what happens when your digital identity begins to merge with your real-world identity? Are those who choose to hide their real names in danger of losing anonymity online?

82. Such is the power of anonymity on the web that it has made it possible for people some of whom might normally be restricted from communicating with the outside world — to speak out without fearing the repercussions of their actions. Actions that could put them in danger if carried out using their real names. Concealing one's true identity online has made it possible for free speech to break through the physical barriers enforced by governments and dictatorships across the world.

83. Being anonymous on the web also makes it possible for people to discuss sensitive subjects, such as medical conditions, physical abuse and sexual orientation, without these actions affecting their everyday lives in a negative or potentially harmful way.

There are many positive ways to use anonymity on the web, but there can sometimes be very destructive side effects too, such as bullying, racism, impersonation of an individual or individuals who believe they are unidentifiable.

84. When this kind of damaging activity is carried out online, how can the offender ever be held accountable for their actions when they are almost entirely untraceable in a virtual world?

85. A lot of the time they simply cannot be identified and therefore cannot be held identity and protecting themselves from the repercussions of their actions. This all sounds very complicated to achieve, but in reality it's as simple as setting up an email address, creating an online profile under a false name and carrying out malicious acts Verona Random, nondescript location.

 

Part VI: Writing (15%)

Directions: "The purpose of education should be to create an academic environment that is separate from the outside world. This kind of environment is ideal because it allows students to focus on important ideas without being held back by practical concerns." Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Write an essay of no less than 200 words to explain your opinions on this issue. Write your answer on ANSWER SHEETS.

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