西安交通大学2013年博士英语真题

西安交通大学2013年博士英语真题

Part II: Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 min.)

Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.

What will the world be like in fifty years?

This week some top scientists, including Nobel Prize winners, gave their vision of how the world will look in 2056, from gas-powered cars to extraordinary health advances, John Ingham reports on what the world’s finest minds believe our futures will be.

For those of us lucky enough to live that long, 2056 will be a world of almost perpetual youth, where obesity is a remote memory and robots become our companions.

We will be rubbing shoulders with aliens and colonizing outer space. Better still, our descendants might at last live in a world at peace with itself.

The prediction is that we will have found a source of inexhaustible, safe, green energy, and that science will have killed off religion. If they are right we will have removed two of the main causes of war-our dependence on oil and religious prejudice.

Will we really, as today’s scientist’s claim, be able to live forever or at least cheat the ageing process so that the average person lives to 150?

Of course, all these predictions come with a scientific health warning. Harvard professor Steven Pinker says: “This is an invitation to look foolish, as with the predictions of domed cities and nuclear-powered vacuum cleaners that were made 50 year ago.”

Living longer

Anthony Attala, director of the Wake Forest Institute in North Carolina, believes failing organs will be repaired by injecting cells into the body. They will naturally to straight to the injury and help heal it. A system of injections without needles could also slow the ageing process by using the same process to “tune” cells.

Bruce Lehn, professor of human genetics at the University of Chicago, anticipates the ability to produce “unlimited supplies” of transplantable human organs without the needed a new organ, such as kidney, the surgeon would contact a commercial organ producer, give him the patient’s immune-logical profile and would then be sent a kidney with the correct tissue type.

These organs would be entirely composed of human cells, grown by introducing them into animal hosts, and allowing them to develop into an organ in place of the animal’s own. But Prof. Lehn believes that farmed brains would be “off limits”. He says, “Very few people would want to have their brains replaced by someone else’s and we probably don’t want to put a human braining an animal body.”

Richard Miller, a professor at the University of Michigan, thinks scientist could develop “authentic anti-ageing drugs” by working out how cells in larger animals such as whales and human resist many forms of injuries. He says, “It is now routine, in laboratory mammals, to extend lifespan by about 40%. Turning on the same protective systems in people should, by 2056, create the first class of 100-year-olds who are as vigorous and productive as today’s people in their 60s.”

Aliens

Conlin Pillinger, professor of planetary sciences at the Open University, says, “I fancy that at least we will be able to show that life did start to evolve on Mars well as Earth.” Within 50 years he hopes scientists will prove that alien life came here in Martian meteorites.

Chris McKay, a planetary scientist at NASA’s Ames Research Center, believes that in 50 years we may find evidence of alien life in ancient permanent forts of Mars or on other planners.

He adds, “There is even a chance we will find alien life forms here on Earth. It might be as different as English is to Chinese.

Princeton professor Freeman Dyson thinks it “likely” that life form outer space will be discovered in 2056 because the tools for finding it, such as optical and radio detection and data processing, are improving.

He says, “As soon as the first evidence is found, we will know what to look for and additional discoveries is likely to follow quickly. Such discoveries are likely to have revolutionary consequences for biology, astronomy and philosophy. They may change the way we look at ourselves and our place in the universe.”

Colonies in space

Richard Gott, professor of astrophysics at Princeton, hopes man will set up a self-sufficient colony on Mars, which would be a “life insurance policy against whatever catastrophes, natural or otherwise, might occur on Earth.”

“The real space race is whether we will colonies off Earth on to other worlds before money for the space programmed runs out.”

Spinal injuries

Ellen Heber-Katz, a professor at the Westar Institute in Philadelphia, foresees cures for injuries causing paralysis such as the one that afflicted Superman star Christopher Reeve.

She says, “I believe that the day is not far off when we will be able to professorate drugs that cause severe spinal cords to heal, hearts to regenerate and lost limbs to regroup.

“People will come to expect that injured or diseased organs are meant to be repaired from within, in much the same way that we fix an appliance or automobile: by replacing the damaged part with a manufacturer-certified new part.” She predicts that within 5 to 10 years fingers and toes will be reground and limbs will start to be reground a few years later. Repairs to the nervous system will start with optic nerves and, in time, the spinal cord.” Within 50 years whole body replacement will be routine,” Prof. Heber Katz adds.

Obesity

Sydney Brenner, senior distinguished fellow of the Crick-Jacobs Center in California, won the 2002 Nobel Prize for Medicine and says that if there is a global disaster some humans will survive and evolution will favor small people with bodies large enough to support the required amount of brain power. “Obesity,” he says, “will have been solved.”

Robots

Rodney Brooks, professor of robotic at Mitoses, believes the problems of developing artificial intelligence for robots will be at least partly overcome. As a result, “the possibilities for robots working with people will open up immensely.”

Energy

Bill Joy, green technology expert in California, says, “The most significant breakthrough would be to have an inexhaustible source of safe, green energy that is substantially cheaper than any existing energy source.”

Ideally, such a source would be safe in that it could not be made into weapons and would not make hazardous or toxic waste or carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas blamed for global warming.

Society

Geoffrey Miller, evolutionary psychologist at the University of New Mexico, says, “The US will follow the UK in realizing that religion is nor a prerequisite for ordinary human decency.

“This, science will kill religion — not by reason challenging faith but by offering a more practical, universal and rewarding moral framework for human interaction.”

He also predicts that “absurdly wasteful” displays of wealth will become unfashionable while the importance of close-knit communities and families will become clearer.

This there changer, he says, will help make us all” brighter, wiser, happier and kinder”.

41. What is John Ingham’s report about?

A. A solution to the global energy crisis

B. Extraordinary advances in technology

C. The latest developments of medical science

D. Scientists’ vision of the world in half a century

42. According to Harvard professor Steven Pinker, predictions about the future ________.

A. may invite trouble

B. may not come true

C. will fool the public

D. do more harm than good

43. Professor Bruce Lehn of the University of Chicago predicts that ________.

A. humans won’t have to donate organs for transplantation

B. more people will donate their organs for transplantation

C. animal organs could be transplanted into human bodies

D. organ transplantation won’t be as scary as it is today

44. According to Professor Richard Miller of the University of Michigan, people will ________.

A. life for as long as they wish

B. be relieved from all sufferings

C. life to 100 and more with vitality

D. be able to live longer than whales

45. Princeton Professor Freeman thinks that ________.

A. scientists will find alien life similar to ours

B. humans will be able to settle on Mars

C. alien life will likely be discovered

D. life will start to evolve on Mars

46. According to Princeton professor Richard Gott, by setting up a self-sufficient colony on Mars, Humans ________.

A. Might survie all catastrophes on earth

B. Might acquire ample natural resources

C. Will be able to travel to Mars freely

D. Will move there to live a better life

Part III: Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 min)

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words. Please write our answers on ANSWER SHEET 2.

Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.

If movie trailers are supposed to cause a reaction, the preview for United 93 more than succeeds.

Featuring no famous actors, it begins with images of a beautiful morning and passengers boarding an airplane. It takes you a minute to realize what the movies even about. That’s when a plane hits the World Trade Center, the effect is visceral. When the trailer played before Inside Man last week at a Hollywood theater, audience members began calling out, "Too soon!" In New York City, the response was even more dramatic. The Loews Theater in Manhattan took the rare step of pulling the trailer from its screens after several complaints.

"United 93" is the first feature film to deal explicitly with the events of September 11, 2001, and is certain to ignite an emotional debate. Is it too soon? Should the film have been made at all? More to the point, will anyone want to see it? Other 9/11 projects are on the way as the fifth anniversary of the attacks approaches, most notably Oliver Stone's World Trade Center but as the forerunner, "United 93" will take most of the heat, whether it deserves it or not.

The real United 93 crashed in a Pennsylvania field after 40 passengers and crew fought back against the terrorists.

Writer-director Paul Greengrass has gone to great lengths to be respectful in his depiction of what occurred, proceeding with the film only after securing the approval of every victim's family. "Was I surprised at the agreement? Yes. Very. Usually there’re one or two families who're more reluctant," Greengrass writes in an e-mail. "I was surprised at the extraordinary way the United 93 families have welcomed us into their lives and shared their experiences with us." Carole O'Hare, a family member, says, "They were very open and honest with us, and they made us a part of this whole project." Universal, which is releasing the film, plans to donate 10% of its opening weekend gross to the Flight 93 National Memorial Fund. That hasn't stopped criticism that the studio is exploiting a national tragedy. O'Hare thinks that's unfair. "This story has to be told to honor the passengers and crew for what they did," she says. "But more than that, it raises awareness. Our ports aren't secure. Our borders aren't secure. Our airlines still aren't secure, and this is what happens when you're not secure. That’s the message I want people to hear."

47. The trailer for "United 93" succeeded in ________ when it played in the theaters in Hollywood and New York City.

48. The movie "United 93" is sure to give rise to ________.

49. What did writer-director Paul Green grass obtain before he proceeded with the movie? ________

50. Universal, which is releasing "United 93", has been criticized for ________.

51. Carole O’Hare thinks that besides honoring the passengers and crew for what they did, the purpose of telling the story is to ________.

Section B

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 2 with a single line thought the center.

Passage 1

Imagine waking up and finding the value of your assets has been halved. No, you’re not an investor in one of those hedge funds that failed completely. With the dollar slumping to a 26-year low against the pound, already-expensive London has become quite unaffordable. A coffee at Starbucks, just as unavoidable in England as it is in the United States, runs about $8.

The once all-powerful dollar isn’t doing a Titanic against just the pound. It is sitting at a record low against the euro and at a 30-year low against the Canadian dollar. Even the Argentine peso and Brazilian real are thriving against the dollar.

The weak dollar is a source of humiliation, for a nation’s self-esteem rests in part on the strength of its currency. It’s also a potential economic problem, since a declining dollar makes imported food more expensive and exerts upward pressure on interest rates. And yet there are substantial sectors of the vast U.S. economy — from giant companies like Coca-Cola to mom-and-pop restaurant operators in Miami — for which the weak dollar is most excellent news.

Many Europeans may view the U.S. as an arrogant superpower that has become hostile to foreigners. But nothing makes people think more warmly of the U.S. than a weak dollar. Through April, the total number of visitors from abroad was up 6.8 percent from last year. Should the trend continue, the number of tourists this year will finally top the 2000 peak? Many Europeans now apparently view the U.S. the way many Americans view Mexico — as a cheap place to vacation, shop and party, all while ignoring the fact that the poorer locals can’t afford to join the merrymaking.

The money tourists spend helps decrease our chronic trade deficit. So do exports, which thanks in part to the weak dollar, soared 11 percent between May 2006 and May 2007. For first five months of 2007, the trade deficit actually fell 7 percent from 2006.

If you own shares in large American corporations, you’re a winner in the weak-dollar gamble. Last week Coca-Cola’s stick bubbled to a five-year high after it reported a fantastic quarter. Foreign sales accounted for 65 percent of Coke’s beverage business. Other American companies profiting from this trend include McDonald’s and IBM.

American tourists, however, shouldn’t expect any relief soon. The dollar lost strength the way many marriages break up — slowly, and then all at once. And currencies don’t turn on a dime. So if you want to avoid the pain inflicted by the increasingly pathetic dollar, cancel that summer vacation to England and look to New England. There, the dollar is still treated with a little respect.

Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.

52. Why do Americans feel humiliated?

A. Their economy is plunging.

B. Their currency has slumped.

C. They can’t afford trips to Europe.

D. they have lost half of their assets.

53. How does the current dollar affect the life of ordinary Americans?

A. They have to cancel their vacations in New England.

B. They find it unaffordable to dine in mom-and-pop restaurants.

C. They have to spend more money when buying imported goods.

D. They might lose their jobs due to potential economic problems.

54. How do many Europeans feel about the U.S with the devalued dollar?

A. They feel contemptuous of it.

B. They are sympathetic with it.

C. They regard it as a superpower on the decline.

D. They think of it as a good tourist destination.

55. What is the author’s advice to Americans?

A. They treat the dollar with a little respect

B. They try to win in the weak-dollar gamble

C. They vacation at home rather than abroad

D. They treasures their marriages all the more.

56. What does the author imply by saying “currencies don’t turn on a dime” (Para. 7)?

A. The dollar’s value will not increase in the short term.

B. The value of a dollar will not be reduced to a dime

C. The dollar’s value will drop, but within a small margin.

D. Americans will change dollars into other currencies.

Passage 2

In the college-admissions wars, we parents are the true fights. We are pushing our kids to get good grades, take SAT preparatory courses and build resumes so they can get into the college of our first choice. I’ve twice been to the wars, and as I survey the battlefield, something different is happening. We see our kids’ college background as a prize demonstrating how well we’ve raised them. But we can’t acknowledge that our obsession is more about us than them. So we’ve contrived various justifications that turn out to be half-truths, prejudices or myths. It actually doesn’t matter much whether Aaron and Nicole go to Stanford.

We have a full-blown prestige panic; we worry that there won’t be enough prizes to go around. Fearful parents urge their children to apply to more schools than ever. Underlying the hysteria is the belief that scarce elite degrees must be highly valuable. Their graduates must enjoy more success because they get a better education and develop better contacts. All that is plausible — and mostly wrong. We haven’t found any convincing evidence that selectivity or prestige matters. Selective schools don’t systematically employ better instructional approaches than less selective schools. On two measures — professors’ feedback and the number of essay exams — selective schools do slightly worse.

By some studies, selective schools do enhance their graduates’ lifetime earnings. The gain is reckoned at 2-4% for every 100-poinnt increase in a school’s average SAT scores. But even this advantage is probably a statistical fluke. A well-known study examined students who got into highly selective schools and then went elsewhere. They earned just as much as graduates from higher-status schools.

Kids count more than their colleges. Getting into Yale may signify intelligence, talent and ambition. But it’s not the only indicator and, paradoxically, its significance is declining. The reason: so many similar people go elsewhere. Getting into college is not life only competition. Old boy networks are breaking down. Princeton economist Alan Krueger studied admissions to one top Ph.D. program. High scores on the GRE helped explain who got in; degrees of prestigious universities didn’t.

So, parents, lighten up. The stakes have been vastly exaggerated. Up to a point, we can rationalize our pushiness.

America is a competitive society; our kids need to adjust to that. But too much pushiness can be destructive. The very ambition we impose on our children may get some into Harvard but may also set them up for disappointment. One study found that, other things being equal, graduates of highly selective schools experienced more job dissatisfaction. They may have been so conditioned to design on top that anything less disappoints.

Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.

57. Why does the author say that parents are the true fighters in the college-admissions wars?

A. They have the final say in which university their children are to attend.

B. They know best which universities are most suitable for their children.

C. They has to carry out intensive surveys of colleges before children make an application.

D. They care more about which college their children go to than the children themselves.

58. Why do parents urge their children to apply to more school than ever?

A. They want to increase their children chances of entering a prestigious college.

B. They hope their children can enter a university that offers attractive scholarships.

C. Their children all has a wider choice of which college to go to.

D. Elite universities now enroll fewer student than they used to.

59. What does the author mean by “kids count more than their college” (Para.4)?

A. Continuing education is more important to a person success.

B. A person happiness should be valued more than their education.

C. Kids actual abilities are more importing than their college background.

D. Kids learn at college cannot keep up with job market requirements.

60. What does Krueger study tell us?

A. Getting into Ph.D. programs may be more competitive than getting into college.

B. Degrees of prestigious universities does not guarantee entry to graduate programs.

C. Graduates from prestigious universities does not care much about their GRE scores.

D. Connections built in prestigious universities may be sustained long after graduation.

61. One possible result of pushing children into elite universities is that ________.

A. They eat less than their peers from other institutions

B. They turn out to be less competitive in the job market

C. Their experience more job dissatisfaction after graduation

D. They overemphasize their qualifications in job application

Part IV: Cloze

Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 2 with a single line through the center.

Seven years ago, when I was visiting Germany, I met with an official who explained to me that the country had a perfect solution to its economic problems. Watching the U.S. economy [62] ____ during the ’90s, the Germans had decided that they, too, needed to go the high-technology [63] ____. But how? In the late ’90s, the answer seemed obvious. Indians. [64] ____ all, Indian entrepreneurs accounted for one of every three Silicon Valley start-ups. So the German government decided that it would [65] ____ Indians to term any just as America does by [66] ____ green cards. Officials created something called the German Green Card and [67] ____ that they would issue 20,000 in the first year. [68] ____, the Germans expected that tens of thousands more Indians would soon be begging to come, and perhaps the [69] ____ would have to be increased. But the program was a failure.

A year later [70] ____ half of the 20,000 cards had been issued. After a few extensions, the program was [71] ____.

I told the German official at the time that I was sure the [72] ____ would fail. It’s not that I had any particular expertise in immigration policy, [73] ____ I understood something about green cards, because I had one (the American [74] ____). The German Green Card was misnamed, I argued, [75] ____ it never, under any circumstances, translated into German citizenship. The U.S. green card, by contrast, is an almost [76] ____ path to becoming American (after five years and a clean record).The official [77] ____ my objection, saying that there was no way Germany was going to offer these people citizenship.” “We need young teach workers,” he said, “That’s what this program is all [78] ____.” So Germany was asking bright young [79] ____ to leave their country, culture and families, move thousands of miles away, learn a new language and work in a strange land — but without any [80] ____ of ever being part of their new home.

Germany was singing a signal, one that was [81] ____ received in India and other countries, and also by Germany’s own immigrant community.

Part VI: Translation

Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets. Please write your translation on Answer Sheet 2.

82. We can say a lot of things about those ________ (毕生致力于诗歌的人): They are passionate, impulsive, and unique.

83. Mary couldn’t have received my letter, ________ (否则她上周就该回信了).

84. Nancy is supposed to ________ (做完化学实验) at least two weeks ago.

85. Never once has ________ (老两口互相争吵) since they were married 40 years ago.

86. ________ (一个国家未来的繁荣在很大程度上有赖于) the quality of education of its people.